syntaxtree.py

# syntaxtree.py - syntax tree classes for DHParser
#
# Copyright 2016  by Eckhart Arnold (arnold@badw.de)
#                 Bavarian Academy of Sciences an Humanities (badw.de)
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.  See the License for the specific language governing
# permissions and limitations under the License.


"""
Module ``syntaxtree`` defines the ``Node``-class for syntax trees as well
as an abstract base class for parser-objects. The latter is defined
here, because node-objects refer to parser-objects. All concrete
parser classes are defined in the ``parse`` module.
"""


import collections.abc
from collections import OrderedDict
import copy

from DHParser.error import Error, ErrorCode, linebreaks, line_col
from DHParser.stringview import StringView
from DHParser.toolkit import re, typing
from typing import Callable, cast, Iterator, List, AbstractSet, Set, Dict, Union, Tuple, Optional


__all__ = ('ParserBase',
           'WHITESPACE_PTYPE',
           'TOKEN_PTYPE',
           'MockParser',
           'ZombieParser',
           'ZOMBIE_PARSER',
           'ZOMBIE_NODE',
           'Node',
           'RootNode',
           'ZOMBIE_ROOTNODE',
           'parse_sxpr',
           'parse_xml',
           'flatten_sxpr',
           'flatten_xml')


#######################################################################
#
# parser base and mock parsers
#
#######################################################################


class ParserBase:
    """
    ParserBase is the base class for all real and mock parser classes.
    It is defined here, because Node objects require a parser object
    for instantiation.
    """

    __slots__ = 'name', 'ptype'

    def __init__(self,):  # , pbases=frozenset()):
        self.name = ''  # type: str
        self.ptype = ':' + self.__class__.__name__  # type: str

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.name + self.ptype

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name + (' = ' if self.name else '') + repr(self)

    def __call__(self, text: StringView) -> Tuple[Optional['Node'], StringView]:
        return None, text

    @property
    def repr(self) -> str:
        """Returns the parser's name if it has a name and repr()"""
        return self.name if self.name else repr(self)

    def reset(self):
        """Resets any parser variables. (Should be overridden.)"""
        pass

    @property
    def grammar(self) -> Optional['Grammar']:
        """Returns the Grammar object to which the parser belongs. If not
        yet connected to any Grammar object, None is returned."""
        return None

    def apply(self, func: Callable) -> bool:
        """Applies the function `func` to the parser. Returns False, if
        - for whatever reason - the functions has not been applied, True
        otherwise."""
        return False


WHITESPACE_PTYPE = ':Whitespace'
TOKEN_PTYPE = ':Token'


class MockParser(ParserBase):
    """
    MockParser objects can be used to reconstruct syntax trees from a
    serialized form like S-expressions or XML. Mock objects can mimic
    different parser types by assigning them a `ptype` on initialization.

    Mock objects should not be used for anything other than
    syntax tree (re-)construction. In all other cases where a parser
    object substitute is needed, chose the singleton ZOMBIE_PARSER.
    """

    __slots__ = ()

    def __init__(self, name='', ptype=''):  # , pbases=frozenset()):
        assert not ptype or ptype[0] == ':'
        super().__init__()
        self.name = name
        if ptype:
            self.ptype = ptype  # or ':' + self.__class__.__name__


class ZombieParser(MockParser):
    """
    Serves as a substitute for a Parser instance.

    ``ZombieParser`` is the class of the singelton object
    ``ZOMBIE_PARSER``. The  ``ZOMBIE_PARSER`` has a name and can be
    called, but it never matches. It serves as a substitute where only
    these (or one of these properties) is needed, but no real Parser-
    object is instantiated.
    """

    alive = False
    __slots__ = ()

    def __init__(self):
        super(ZombieParser, self).__init__()
        assert not self.__class__.alive, "There can be only one!"
        assert self.__class__ == ZombieParser, "No derivatives, please!"
        self.name = "__ZOMBIE__"
        self.__class__.alive = True

    def __copy__(self):
        return self

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        return self

    def __call__(self, text):
        """Better call Saul ;-)"""
        return None, text


ZOMBIE_PARSER = ZombieParser()


#######################################################################
#
# syntaxtree nodes
#
#######################################################################


ChildrenType = Tuple['Node', ...]
NoChildren = cast(ChildrenType, ())  # type: ChildrenType
StrictResultType = Union[ChildrenType, StringView, str]
ResultType = Union[ChildrenType, 'Node', StringView, str, None]


def flatten_sxpr(sxpr: str) -> str:
    """
    Returns S-expression ``sxpr`` as a one-liner without unnecessary
    whitespace.

    Example:
    >>> flatten_sxpr('(a\\n    (b\\n        c\\n    )\\n)\\n')
    '(a (b c))'
    """

    return re.sub(r'\s(?=\))', '', re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', sxpr)).strip()


def flatten_xml(xml: str) -> str:
    """
    Returns an XML-tree as a one liner without unnecessary whitespace,
    i.e. only whitespace within leaf-nodes is preserved.
    A more precise alternative to `flatten_xml` is to use Node.as_xml()
    ans passing a set containing the top level tag to parameter `inline_tags`.
    """

    # works only with regex
    # return re.sub(r'\s+(?=<\w)', '', re.sub(r'(?<=</\w+>)\s+', '', xml))
    def tag_only(m):
        return m.groupdict()['closing_tag']
    return re.sub(r'\s+(?=<[\w:])', '', re.sub(r'(?P<closing_tag></:?\w+>)\s+', tag_only, xml))


RX_AMP = re.compile(r'&(?!\w+;)')


class Node(collections.abc.Sized):
    """
    Represents a node in the concrete or abstract syntax tree.

    TODO: Add some documentation and doc-tests here...

    Attributes:
        tag_name (str):  The name of the node, which is either its
            parser's name or, if that is empty, the parser's class name

        result (str or tuple):  The result of the parser which
            generated this node, which can be either a string or a
            tuple of child nodes.

        children (tuple):  The tuple of child nodes or an empty tuple
            if there are no child nodes. READ ONLY!

        content (str):  Yields the contents of the tree as string. The
            difference to ``str(node)`` is that ``node.content`` does
            not add the error messages to the returned string.

        parser (Parser):  The parser which generated this node.
            WARNING: In case you use mock syntax trees for testing or
            parser replacement during the AST-transformation: DO NOT
            rely on this being a real parser object in any phase after
            parsing (i.e. AST-transformation and compiling), for
            example by calling ``isinstance(node.parer, ...)``.

        len (int):  The full length of the node's string result if the
            node is a leaf node or, otherwise, the concatenated string
            result's of its descendants. The figure always represents
            the length before AST-transformation and will never change
            through AST-transformation. READ ONLY!

        pos (int):  the position of the node within the parsed text.

            The value of ``pos`` is -1 meaning invalid by default.
            Setting this value will set the positions of all child
            nodes relative to this value.

            To set the pos values of all nodes in a syntax tree, the
            pos value of the root node should be set to 0 right
            after parsing.

            Other than that, this value should be considered READ ONLY.
            At any rate, it should only be reassigned during the parsing
            stage and never during or after the AST-transformation.

        errors (list):  A list of all errors that occured on this node.

        attr (dict): An optional dictionary of XML-attr. This
            dictionary is created lazily upon first usage. The attr
            will only be shown in the XML-Representation, not in the
            S-Expression-output.
    """

    __slots__ = '_result', 'children', '_len', '_pos', 'parser', 'errors', '_xml_attr', '_content'

    def __init__(self, parser, result: ResultType, leafhint: bool = False) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the ``Node``-object with the ``Parser``-Instance
        that generated the node and the parser's result.
        """
        self.errors = []                # type: List[Error]
        self._pos = -1                  # type: int
        # Assignment to self.result initializes the attr _result, children and _len
        # The following if-clause is merely an optimization, i.e. a fast-path for leaf-Nodes
        if leafhint:
            self._result = result       # type: StrictResultType  # cast(StrictResultType, result)
            self._content = None        # type: Optional[str]
            self.children = NoChildren  # type: ChildrenType
            self._len = -1              # type: int  # lazy evaluation
        else:
            self.result = result
        self.parser = parser or ZOMBIE_PARSER

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        if self.children:
            duplicate = self.__class__(self.parser, copy.deepcopy(self.children), False)
        else:
            duplicate = self.__class__(self.parser, self.result, True)
        duplicate.errors = copy.deepcopy(self.errors) if self.errors else []
        duplicate._pos = self._pos
        duplicate._len = self._len
        if hasattr(self, '_xml_attr'):
            duplicate._xml_attr = copy.deepcopy(self._xml_attr)
        return duplicate

    def __str__(self):
        s = "".join(str(child) for child in self.children) if self.children else self.content
        if self.errors:
            return ' <<< Error on "%s" | %s >>> ' % \
                   (s, '; '.join(e.message for e in self.errors))
        return s


    def __repr__(self):
        mpargs = {'name': self.parser.name, 'ptype': self.parser.ptype}
        parg = "MockParser({name}, {ptype})".format(**mpargs)
        rarg = str(self) if not self.children else \
            "(" + ", ".join(repr(child) for child in self.children) + ")"
        return "Node(%s, %s)" % (parg, rarg)


    def __len__(self):
        if self._len < 0:
            self._len = sum(len(child) for child in self.children) \
                if self.children else len(self._result)
        return self._len


    def __bool__(self):
        # A node that is not None is always True, even if it's empty
        return True


    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Equality of nodes: Two nodes are considered as equal, if their tag
        name is the same and if their results are equal.

        Note: It is not required that two nodes have the same errors attached.
        In case you need to check for error equality as well, compare a
        serialization that includes error messages, as_sxpr() will do!
        """
        return self.tag_name == other.tag_name and self.result == other.result


    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.tag_name)


    def __getitem__(self, index_or_tagname: Union[int, str]) -> Union['Node', Iterator['Node']]:
        """
        Returns the child node with the given index if ``index_or_tagname`` is
        an integer or the first child node with the given tag name. Examples::

            >>> tree = parse_sxpr('(a (b "X") (X (c "d")) (e (X "F")))')
            >>> flatten_sxpr(tree[0].as_sxpr())
            '(b "X")'
            >>> flatten_sxpr(tree["X"].as_sxpr())
            '(X (c "d"))'

        Args:
            index_or_tagname(str): Either an index of a child node or a
                tag name.
        Returns:
            Node: All nodes which have a given tag name.
        """
        if self.children:
            if isinstance(index_or_tagname, int):
                return self.children[index_or_tagname]
            else:
                for child in self.children:
                    if child.tag_name == index_or_tagname:
                        return child
                raise KeyError(index_or_tagname)
        raise ValueError('Leave nodes have no children that can be indexed!')


    def __contains__(self, tag_name: str) -> bool:
        """
        Returns true if a child with the given tag name exists.
        Args:
            tag_name (str): tag_name which will be searched among to immediate
                descendants of this node.
        Returns:
            bool:  True, if at least one descendant node with the given tag
                name exists, False otherwise
        """
        # assert isinstance(tag_name, str)
        if self.children:
            for child in self.children:
                if child.tag_name == tag_name:
                    return True
            return False
        raise ValueError('Leave node cannot contain other nodes')


    def get(self, index_or_tagname: Union[int, str],
            surrogate: Union['Node', Iterator['Node']]) -> Union['Node', Iterator['Node']]:
        """Returns the child node with the given index if ``index_or_tagname``
        is an integer or the first child node with the given tag name. If no
        child with the given index or tag_name exists, the ``surrogate`` is
        returned instead. This mimics the behaviour of Python's dictionary's
        get-method.
        """
        try:
            return self[index_or_tagname]
        except KeyError:
            return surrogate


    @property   # this needs to be a (dynamic) property, in case sef.parser gets updated
    def tag_name(self) -> str:
        """
        Returns the tage name of Node, i.e. the name for XML or
        S-expression representation. By default the tag name is the
        name of the node's parser or, if the node's parser is unnamed, the
        node's parser's `ptype`.
        """
        return self.parser.name or self.parser.ptype


    @property
    def result(self) -> StrictResultType:
        """
        Returns the result from the parser that created the node.
        Error messages are not included in the result. Use `self.content()`
        if the result plus any error messages is needed.
        """
        return self._result


    @result.setter
    def result(self, result: ResultType):
        # # made obsolete by static type checking with mypy
        # assert ((isinstance(result, tuple) and all(isinstance(child, Node) for child in result))
        #         or isinstance(result, Node)
        #         or isinstance(result, str)), str(result)
        # Possible optimization: Do not allow single nodes as argument:
        # assert not isinstance(result, Node)
        self._len = -1        # lazy evaluation
        self._content = None
        if isinstance(result, Node):
            self.children = (result,)
            self._result = self.children
        else:
            if isinstance(result, tuple):
                self.children = result
                self._result = result or ''
            else:
                self.children = NoChildren
                self._result = result  # cast(StrictResultType, result)


    @property
    def content(self) -> str:
        """
        Returns content as string, omitting error messages. If the node has
        child-nodes, the string content of the child-nodes is recursively read
        and then concatenated.
        """
        if self._content is None:
            if self.children:
                self._content = "".join(child.content for child in self.children)
            else:
                # self._content = self._result
                self._content = str(self._result)
                self._result = self._content  # self._result might be more efficient as a string!?
        return self._content


    @content.setter
    def content(self, content: str):
        self.result = content


    @property
    def structure(self) -> str:
        """
        Return structure (and content) as S-expression on a single line
        without any line breaks.
        """
        return flatten_sxpr(self.as_sxpr(showerrors=False))


    @property
    def pos(self) -> int:
        """Returns the position of the Node's content in the source text."""
        if self._pos < 0:
            raise AssertionError("Position value not initialized!")
        return self._pos


    def init_pos(self, pos: int) -> 'Node':
        """
        (Re-)initialize position value. Usually, the parser guard
        (`parsers.add_parser_guard()`) takes care of assigning the
        position in the document to newly created nodes. However,
        where Nodes are created outside the reach of the parser
        guard, their document-position must be assigned manually.
        This function recursively reassigns the position values
        of the child nodes, too.
        """
        assert self._pos < 0 or self.pos == pos, str("pos mismatch %i != %i" % (self._pos, pos))
        self._pos = pos
        # recursively adjust pos-values of all children
        offset = self.pos
        for child in self.children:
            child.init_pos(offset)
            offset = child.pos + len(child)
        return self


    @property
    def attr(self):
        """
        Returns a dictionary of XML-attr attached to the node.
        """
        if not hasattr(self, '_xml_attr'):
            self._xml_attr = OrderedDict()
        return self._xml_attr


    def _tree_repr(self, tab, open_fn, close_fn, data_fn=lambda i: i,
                   density=0, inline=False, inline_fn=lambda node: False) -> str:
        """
        Generates a tree representation of this node and its children
        in string from.

        The kind ot tree-representation that is determined by several
        function parameters. This could be an XML-representation or a
        lisp-like S-expression.

        Args:
            tab (str):  The indentation string, e.g. '\t' or '    '
            open_fn:   (Node->str) A function that returns an opening
                string (e.g. an XML-tag_name) for a given node
            close_fn:  (Node->str) A function that returns a closeF
                string (e.g. an XML-tag_name) for a given node.
            data_fn:   (str->str) A function that filters the data string
                before printing, e.g. to add quotation marks

        Returns (str):
            A string that contains a (serialized) tree representation
            of the node and its children.
        """
        head = open_fn(self)
        tail = close_fn(self)

        if not self.result:
            return head.rstrip() + tail.lstrip()

        tail = tail.lstrip(None if density & 2 else '')

        inline = inline or inline_fn(self)
        if inline:
            head = head.rstrip()
            tail = tail.lstrip()
            usetab, sep = '', ''
        else:
            usetab = tab if head else ''    # no indentation if tag is already omitted
            sep = '\n'

        if self.children:
            content = []
            for child in self.children:
                subtree = child._tree_repr(tab, open_fn, close_fn, data_fn,
                                           density, inline, inline_fn)
                if subtree:
                    st = [subtree] if inline else subtree.split('\n')
                    content.append((sep + usetab).join(s for s in st))
            return head + usetab + (sep + usetab).join(content) + tail

        res = self.content
        if not inline and not head:
            # strip whitespace for omitted non inline node, e.g. CharData in mixed elements
            res = res.strip()
        if density & 1 and res.find('\n') < 0:  # and head[0] == "<":
            # except for XML, add a gap between opening statement and content
            gap = ' ' if not inline and head and head.rstrip()[-1:] != '>' else ''
            return head.rstrip() + gap + data_fn(res) + tail.lstrip()
        else:
            return head + '\n'.join([usetab + data_fn(s) for s in res.split('\n')]) + tail


    def as_sxpr(self, src: str = None,
                showerrors: bool = True,
                indentation: int = 2,
                compact: bool = False) -> str:
        """
        Returns content as S-expression, i.e. in lisp-like form.

        Args:
            src:  The source text or `None`. In case the source text is
                given the position of the element in the text will be
                reported as line and column.
            showerrors: If True, error messages will be shown.
            indentation: The number of whitespaces for indentation
            compact:  If True, a compact representation is returned where
                brackets are omitted and only the indentation indicates the
                tree structure.
        """

        left_bracket, right_bracket, density = ('', '', 1) if compact else ('(', '\n)', 0)
        lbreaks = linebreaks(src) if src else []  # type: List[int]

        def opening(node) -> str:
            """Returns the opening string for the representation of `node`."""
            txt = [left_bracket, node.tag_name]
            # s += " '(pos %i)" % node.add_pos
            if hasattr(node, '_xml_attr'):
                txt.extend(' `(%s "%s")' % (k, v) for k, v in node.attr.items())
            if src:
                line, col = line_col(lbreaks, node.pos)
                txt.append(" `(pos %i %i %i)" % (node.pos, line, col))
            if showerrors and node.errors:
                txt.append(" `(err `%s)" % ' '.join(str(err) for err in node.errors))
            return "".join(txt) + '\n'

        def closing(node) -> str:
            """Returns the closing string for the representation of `node`."""
            return right_bracket

        def pretty(strg):
            """Encloses `strg` with the right kind of quotation marks."""
            return '"%s"' % strg if strg.find('"') < 0 \
                else "'%s'" % strg if strg.find("'") < 0 \
                else '"%s"' % strg.replace('"', r'\"')

        return self._tree_repr(' ' * indentation, opening, closing, pretty, density=density)


    def as_xml(self, src: str = None,
               showerrors: bool = True,
               indentation: int = 2,
               inline_tags: Set[str] = set(),
               omit_tags: Set[str] = set(),
               empty_tags: Set[str] = set()) -> str:
        """
        Returns content as XML-tree.

        Args:
            src:  The source text or `None`. In case the source text is
                given the position will also be reported as line and
                column.
            showerrors: If True, error messages will be shown.
            indentation: The number of whitespaces for indentation
            inline_tags:  A set of tag names, the content of which will always be written
                on a single line, unless it contains explicit line feeds ('\n').
            omit_tags:  A set of tags from which only the content will be printed, but
                neither the opening tag nor its attr nor the closing tag. This
                allows producing a mix of plain text and child tags in the output,
                which otherwise is not supported by the Node object, because it
                requires its content to be either a tuple of children or string content.
            empty_tags:  A set of tags which shall be rendered as empty elements, e.g.
                "<empty/>" instead of "<empty><empty>".
        """

        def opening(node) -> str:
            """Returns the opening string for the representation of `node`."""
            if node.tag_name in omit_tags:
                return ''
            txt = ['<', node.tag_name]
            has_reserved_attrs = hasattr(node, '_xml_attr') \
                and any(r in node.attr for r in {'err', 'line', 'col'})
            if hasattr(node, '_xml_attr'):
                txt.extend(' %s="%s"' % (k, v) for k, v in node.attr.items())
            if src and not has_reserved_attrs:
                txt.append(' line="%i" col="%i"' % line_col(line_breaks, node.pos))
            if showerrors and node.errors and not has_reserved_attrs:
                txt.append(' err="%s"' % ''.join(str(err).replace('"', r'\"')
                                                 for err in node.errors))
            if node.tag_name in empty_tags:
                assert not node.result, ("Node %s with content %s is not an empty element!" %
                                         (node.tag_name, str(node)))
                ending = "/>\n" if not node.tag_name[0] == '?' else "?>\n"
            else:
                ending = ">\n"
            return "".join(txt + [ending])

        def closing(node):
            """Returns the closing string for the representation of `node`."""
            if node.tag_name in omit_tags or node.tag_name in empty_tags:
                return ''
            return ('\n</') + node.tag_name + '>'

        def sanitizer(content: str) -> str:
            """Substitute "&", "<", ">" in XML-content by the respective entities."""
            content = RX_AMP.sub('&amp;', content)
            content = content.replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;')
            return content


        def inlining(node):
            """Returns True, if `node`'s tag name is contained in `inline_tags`,
            thereby signalling that the children of this node shall not be
            printed on several lines to avoid unwanted gaps in the output.
            """
            return node.tag_name in inline_tags \
                or (hasattr(node, '_xml_attr')
                    and node.attr.get('xml:space', 'default') == 'preserve')

        line_breaks = linebreaks(src) if src else []
        return self._tree_repr(' ' * indentation, opening, closing, sanitizer,
                               density=1, inline_fn=inlining)


    def select(self, match_function: Callable, include_root: bool = False, reverse: bool = False) \
            -> Iterator['Node']:
        """
        Finds nodes in the tree that fulfill a given criterion.

        `select` is a generator that yields all nodes for which the
        given `match_function` evaluates to True. The tree is
        traversed pre-order.

        See function `Node.select_by_tag` for some examples.

        Args:
            match_function (function): A function  that takes as Node
                object as argument and returns True or False
            include_root (bool): If False, only descendant nodes will be
                checked for a match.
            reverse (bool): If True, the tree will be walked in reverse
                order, i.e. last children first.
        Yields:
            Node: All nodes of the tree for which
            ``match_function(node)`` returns True
        """
        if include_root and match_function(self):
            yield self
        child_iterator = reversed(self.children) if reverse else self.children
        for child in child_iterator:
            for node in child.select(match_function, True, reverse):
                yield node


    def select_by_tag(self, tag_names: Union[str, AbstractSet[str]],
                      include_root: bool = False) -> Iterator['Node']:
        """
        Returns an iterator that runs through all descendants that have one
        of the given tag names.

        Examples::

            >>> tree = parse_sxpr('(a (b "X") (X (c "d")) (e (X "F")))')
            >>> list(flatten_sxpr(item.as_sxpr()) for item in tree.select_by_tag("X", False))
            ['(X (c "d"))', '(X "F")']
            >>> list(flatten_sxpr(item.as_sxpr()) for item in tree.select_by_tag({"X", "b"}, False))
            ['(b "X")', '(X (c "d"))', '(X "F")']
            >>> any(tree.select_by_tag('a', False))
            False
            >>> list(flatten_sxpr(item.as_sxpr()) for item in tree.select_by_tag('a', True))
            ['(a (b "X") (X (c "d")) (e (X "F")))']
            >>> flatten_sxpr(next(tree.select_by_tag("X", False)).as_sxpr())
            '(X (c "d"))'

        Args:
            tag_name(set): A tag name or set of tag names that is being
                searched for
            include_root (bool): If False, only descendant nodes will be
                checked for a match.
        Yields:
            Node: All nodes which have a given tag name.
        """
        if isinstance(tag_names, str):
            tag_names = frozenset({tag_names})
        return self.select(lambda node: node.tag_name in tag_names, include_root)


    def pick(self, tag_names: Union[str, Set[str]]) -> Optional['Node']:
        """
        Picks the first descendant with one of the given tag_names.

        This function is mostly just syntactic sugar for
        ``next(node.select_by_tag(tag_names, False))``. However, rather than
        raising a StopIterationError if no descendant with the given tag-name
        exists, it returns None.
        """
        try:
            return next(self.select_by_tag(tag_names, False))
        except StopIteration:
            return None


    def tree_size(self) -> int:
        """
        Recursively counts the number of nodes in the tree including the root node.
        """
        return sum(child.tree_size() for child in self.children) + 1


ZOMBIE_NODE = Node(ZOMBIE_PARSER, '')


class RootNode(Node):
    """TODO: Add Documentation!!!

        all_errors (list):  A list of all errors that have occured so far during
                processing (i.e. parsing, AST-transformation, compiling)
                of this tree.

        error_flag (int):  the highest warning or error level of all errors
                that occurred.
    """

    def __init__(self, node: Optional[Node] = None):
        super().__init__(ZOMBIE_PARSER, '')
        self.all_errors = []  # type: List[Error]
        self.error_flag = 0
        if node is not None:
            self.swallow(node)
        # customization for XML-Representation
        self.inline_tags = set()  # type: Set[str]
        self.omit_tags = set()  # type: Set[str]
        self.empty_tags = set()  # type: Set[str]

    def __deepcopy__(self, memodict={}):
        duplicate = self.__class__(None)
        if self.children:
            duplicate.children = copy.deepcopy(self.children)
            duplicate._result = duplicate.children
        else:
            duplicate.children = NoChildren
            duplicate._result = self._result
        duplicate.errors = copy.deepcopy(self.errors) if self.errors else []
        duplicate._pos = self._pos
        duplicate._len = self._len
        if hasattr(self, '_xml_attr'):
            duplicate._xml_attr = copy.deepcopy(self._xml_attr)
        duplicate.all_errors = copy.deepcopy(self.all_errors)
        duplicate.error_flag = self.error_flag
        duplicate.inline_tags = self.inline_tags
        duplicate.omit_tags = self.omit_tags
        duplicate.empty_tags = self.empty_tags
        duplicate.parser = self.parser
        return duplicate


    def swallow(self, node: Node) -> 'RootNode':
        """
        Put `self` in the place of `node` by copying all its data.
        Returns self.

        This is done by the parse.Grammar object after
        parsing has finished, so that the Grammar object always
        returns a syntax tree rooted in a RootNode object.

        It is possible to add errors to a RootNode object, before it
        has actually swallowed the root of the syntax tree.
        """
        self._result = node._result
        self.children = node.children
        self._len = node._len
        self._pos = node._pos
        self.parser = node.parser
        if hasattr(node, '_xml_attr'):
            self._xml_attr = node._xml_attr
        self._content = node._content
        return self

    def add_error(self, node: Node, error: Error) -> 'RootNode':
        """
        Adds an Error object to the tree, locating it at a specific node.
        """
        self.all_errors.append(error)
        self.error_flag = max(self.error_flag, error.code)
        node.errors.append(error)
        return self

    def new_error(self,
                  node: Node,