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## What is a group?
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> ### We consider a group as an aggregation of persons who stay together while moving. They move at approximately the same speed towards the same goal.
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>
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> -- <cite>G. Köster • F. Treml • M. Seitz
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> -- Validation of Crowd Models Including Social Groups (koster-2014)</cite>
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## Small Subgroup
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- At most four or five persons
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- All individuals in the group move towards the same goal.
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- Members of a group stay together. Permanent separation of a member from the rest of the group may occur but only in extreme situations.
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- All individuals in the group move with the same speed, except for temporal variations caused, for example, by avoiding obstacles and collisions with others.
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- The (cooperative) group slows down when a member stays behind.
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- Small groups have a basic spatial structure that stays relatively unchanged if walking across a free space, but can be temporarily deformed by external influences such as the presence of a crowd, oncoming traffic or obstacles: They walk abreast.
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## Larger Groups
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- Large groups divide into smaller communication groups of up to four pedestrians that are formed in a way to facilitate communication within the subgroups.
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- The whole group stays loosely together, but – due to lack of substantial evidence – no formation among the subgroups is assumed at this point.
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## BibTex-Keys
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- seitz-2014: Pedestrian Group Behavior in a Cellular Automaton
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- koster-2011b: On modeling the influence of group formations in a crowd
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- koster-2014: Validation of Crowd Models Including Social Groups
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## Pages
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- [Validation Tests](/Modelling/Groups/validation-tests) |